Factors associated with depression among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at a tertiary hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia that can cause various complications, economic burdens, and psychosocial issues that eventually lead to depression. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of depression among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic of a South Jakarta tertiary hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July 2021. The data were collected consecutively from 100 patients aged 18 years or older who came for regular consultation. The instrument used for determining depression is Beck Depression Inventory-II. The prevalence of depression, a correlation between depression and participants' characteristics, and multivariate analysis for risk factors were determined. The results showed that the prevalence of mild to severe depression based on the BDI-II classification was 17%. Screening showed mild to severe depression predominantly in females above 60 years old, with higher levels of education, obesity grade I, individuals with one or more comorbidities, and those who had diabetes for more than ten years. In this study, having one or more comorbidities was associated with an increased risk of depression in people with diabetes.

Clinical presentation and outcome of covid-19 infection in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A preliminary data from a tertiary hospital in jakarta during the early days of the pandemic

Introduction: This study aimed to review the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients presented with in-hospital hyperglycemia or pre-existing type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in Fatmawati General Hospital, Indonesia, from March 18th-Apr 30th, 2020. We reviewed medical records of 27 COVID-19 patients presented with either in-hospital hyperglycemia (11, 12.2%) or pre-existing T2DM (16, 17.8%) from a total of 90 confirmed COVID-19 cases admitted in our hospital. Results: Critical conditions occurred in 50% of T2DM and 54.55% of the in-hospital hyperglycemia group. Mortality was documented in 68.75% of T2DM and 81.82% of in-hospital hyperglycemia group. Hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis and ketosis were found in 12.5%, 25%, 18.75%, and 25% of individuals with T2DM, respectively, resulting in a high mortality rate. Meanwhile, diabetes-related complications were rare among the in-hospital hyperglycemia group. However, respiratory failure (45.45% vs. 6.25%) and septic shock (27.27% vs. 6.25%) were more frequent than in the T2DM group. Conclusion: In this preliminary study, a high mortality rate was documented among COVID-19 patients with preexisting T2DM and in-hospital hyperglycemia. In T2DM subjects, diabetes related complications contributed to a higher mortality rate, while in hospital hyperglycemia group, respiratory failure and septic shock were more frequent. © 2020, Sanglah General Hospital. All rights reserved.